语法
Singular and Plural Nouns 单数及复数名词
Singular Nouns 单数名词
A Singular Noun refers to one person, animal, thing or place.
单数名词 是指一个人，一只动物，一件物品或一个地方。
Examples:
例子:
| Person 人 | Animal 动物 | Thing 物品 | Place 地方 |
|---|---|---|---|
| boy 男孩 | cat 猫 | cup 杯子 | park 公园 |
| girl 女孩 | dog 狗 | spoon 汤匙 | harbor 港口 |
| baby 婴孩 | puppy 小狗 | television 电视机 | farm 农场 |
| child 小孩 | kitten 小猫 | bicycle 自行车 | beach 海滩 |
| man 男人 | horse 马 | sofa 沙发 | playground 游乐场 |
| woman 妇女 | donkey 驴子 | bus 公车 | zoo 动物园 |
| gentleman 男士 | chicken 鸡 | house 房子 | garden 花园 |
| lady 女士 | duck 鸭 | watch 手表 | market 市场 |
| teacher 教师 | goose 鹅 | vase 花瓶 | village 乡村 |
Plural Nouns 复数名词
A Plural Noun refers to more than one person, animal, thing or place.
复数名词是指超过一个人，一只动物，一件物品或一个地方。
Examples:
例子:
| Person 人 | Animal 动物 | Thing 物品 | Place 地方 |
|---|---|---|---|
| boys | cats | cups | parks |
| girls | dogs | spoons | harbors |
| babys | puppys | televisions | farms |
| children | kittens | bicycles | beaches |
| men | horses | sofas | playgrounds |
| women | donkeys | buses | zoos |
| gentlemen | chickens | houses | gardens |
| ladies | ducks | watches | markets |
| teachers | geese | vases | harbors |
Plural Nouns are formed in many ways. Listed below are some of the more common ways:
复数名词形成的方式有很多。下列是比较常见的方式：
1) By adding ‘s’. 加上 ‘s’ 。
Examples:
例子:
chair - chairs 椅子
waiter – waiters 侍者
towel – towels 毛巾
pillow - pillows 枕头
pen – pens 钢笔
shoe – shoes 鞋
truck – trucks 卡车
book – books 书
sandal – sandals 凉鞋
helicopter – helicopters 直升机
telephone – telephones 电话
zebra – zebras 斑马
2) For nouns ending in the letters ‘x’, ‘ch’, ‘s’, ‘sh’ and ‘o’, add ‘es’.
在以字母 ‘x’、 ‘ch’、 ‘s’、‘sh’ 及 ‘o’ 结尾的名词末端加上 ‘es’.
Examples:
例子:
torch – torches 火炬
bench – benches 长凳
leech – leeches 水蛭
ditch – ditches 沟
cockroach – cockroaches 蟑螂
beach – beaches 海滩
coach – coaches 教练
church – churches 教堂
inch – inches 英寸
dress – dresses 连衣裙
grass – grasses 草
address - addresses 地址
circus - circuses 马戏团
cross – crosses 十字架
buffalo – buffaloes 水牛
halo - haloes 光环
mosquito – mosquitoes 蚊子
eyelash – eyelashes 睫毛
wish – wishes 愿望
fax – faxes 传真机
hoax – hoaxes 骗局
3) For some nouns ending in the letter ‘o’, add ‘s’.
在有些以字母 ‘o’ 结尾的名词末端加上 ‘s’.
Examples:
例子:
photo – photos 照片
piano – pianos 钢琴
igloo – igloos 冰屋
cockatoo – cockatoos 凤头鹦鹉
kangaroo – kangaroos 袋鼠
tattoo - tattoos 文身花纹
studio - studios 录音室
video - videos 录影
zoo - zoos 动物园
studio - studios 录音室
4) For nouns ending in ‘y’ with a consonant before it, replace ‘y’ with ‘ies’ (in many cases).
以字母 ‘y’ 结尾而 ‘y’ 之前有个辅音字母的名词，以 ‘ies’ 代替 ‘y’(有很多这一类的实例)。
Examples:
例子:
lady – ladies 女士
city – cities 城市
battery – batteries 电池
cherry – cherries 樱桃
daddy – daddies 爸爸
dairy – dairies 牛奶场
kitty – kitties 小猫
pony – ponies 小型马
reply – replies 回复
copy – copies 复制品
daisy – daisies 雏菊花
story – stories 故事
5) For nouns ending in ‘y’ with a vowel before it, add ‘s’ (in most cases).
以字母 ‘y’ 结尾而 ‘y’ 之前有个元音字母的名词加 ‘s’ (大多数)。
Examples:
例子:
boy – boys 男孩
bay – bays 海湾
essay – essays 文章
toy – toys 玩具
valley – valleys 山谷
ray – rays 光线
chimney – chimneys 烟囱
donkey – donkeys 驴子
storey – storeys 楼层
turkey – turkeys 火鸡
play – plays 剧本
tray - trays 托盘
6) By replacing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ with ‘ves’ (in some cases).
以 ‘ves’ 代替 ‘f’ 或 ‘fe’ (对于一些名词)。
Examples:
例子:
calf – calves 小牛
knife – knives 小刀
leaf – leaves 叶子
elf – elves 小妖精
scarf - scarves 围巾
thief – thieves 贼
sheaf – sheaves 一捆（收割的榖物）
wife – wives 妻子
life – lives 生命
wolf – wolves 狼
7) By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ (in some cases).
以 ‘f’ 或 ‘fe’ 结尾的名词加 ‘s’ (对于一些名词)。
Examples:
例子:
cafe – cafes 咖啡馆
giraffe – giraffes 长颈鹿
gulf – gulfs 海湾
sheriff – sheriffs 城镇治安官
roof – roofs 屋顶
cliff – cliffs 悬崖
safe – safes 保险箱
hoof – hoofs (牛等动物的)蹄
chief – chiefs 首领
proof – proofs 证据
8) By changing the vowels inside.
改变名词里的元音字母。
Examples:
例子:
foot - feet 脚
man - men 男人
woman - women 妇女
louse - lice 虱子
goose - geese 鹅
mouse - mice 老鼠
tooth - teeth 牙齿
fireman - firemen 消防队员
9) The plural of some nouns are formed irregularly.
有些复数名词的形成方式不规则。
Examples:
例子:
child - children 儿童
larva - larvae 幼虫
radius - radii 半径
ox - oxen 公牛
cactus - cacti 仙人掌
bacterium - bacteria 细菌
fungus - fungi 霉菌
10) Some nouns ending in ‘s’ are only used in the plural.
有些以 ‘s’ 结尾的名词只有复数的形式。
Examples:
例子:
shorts (短裤)、 binoculars (双筒望远镜)、 scissors (剪刀)、 trousers (裤子)、 pants (裤子)、 contents (of a book) (书的目录)、 billiards (台球)、 pincers (钳子)、 forceps (镊子)、 arms (weapons) (武器)、 tongs (夹具)、 pyjamas (一套睡衣裤)、 mathematics (数学)、 clothes (衣服)、 shears (大剪刀)、 mumps (腮腺炎)、 physics (物理学)、 oats (燕麦)、 goods (商品)、 glasses (for eyes) (眼镜)等。
11) Most uncountable nouns are only used in the singular.
大多数的不可数名词只有单数的形式。
Examples:
例子:
water (水)、 silver (银)、 sand (沙)、 wheat (小麦)、 tea (茶)、 flour (面粉)、 cotton (棉花)、 gold (金)、 milk (奶)、 corn (玉米)、 coffee (咖啡)、 salt (盐)、 powder (粉末)、 mischief (恶作剧)等。
12) The singular and plural of some nouns are the same.
有些名词的单数形式与复数形式一样。
Examples:
例子:
deer - deer 鹿
sheep - sheep 绵羊
salmon - salmon 大麻哈鱼
cod - cod 鳕鱼
moose - moose 麋鹿
trout - trout 鲑鳟鱼
pike - pike 梭子鱼
Exercises 习题
A. Give the plural of the following singular nouns.
试写出以下单数名词的复数式。
1. table – ____________
2. church – ____________
3. zoo – ____________
4. story – ____________
5. play – ____________
6. knife – ____________
7. wolf – ____________
8. chief – ____________
9. mouse – ____________
10. fungus – ____________
11. sandal – ____________
12. hoax – ____________
13. photo – ____________
14. battery – ____________
15. life – ____________
16. sheriff – ____________
17. proof – ____________
18. larva – ____________
19. tooth – ____________
20. ox – ____________
B. Give the singular of the following plural nouns.
试写出以下复数名词的单数式。
1. waiters – ____________
2. crosses – ____________
3. pianos – ____________
4. daddies – ____________
5. essays – ____________
6. scarves – ____________
7. hoofs – ____________
8. geese – ____________
9. children – ____________
10. cacti – ____________
11. helicopters – ____________
12. mosquitoes – ____________
13. cockatoos – ____________
14. ponies – ____________
15. chimneys – ____________
16. thieves – ____________
17. giraffes – ____________
18. lice – ____________
19. bacterium – ____________
20. feet – ____________
C. Choose the correct answers.
选择对的答案。
1. Mr. Smith stayed in a hotel for 3 ( day, days ).
2. A hunter shot three ( deer, deers ) last week.
3. Two policemen caught a ( burglar, burglars ) last night.
4. I brush my ( tooth, teeth ) twice a day.
5. A few ( children, child ) are building a sandcastle on the beach.
6. Would you mind lending me a pair of ( scissor, scissors )?
7. The twin ( baby, babies ) are really cute.
8. She plucked a few ripe ( mangoes, mango ) from a mango tree.
9. The shepherd owns more than 2000 ( sheep, sheeps ) on his farm.
10. A pack of wolves is chasing after a ( foxes, fox ).
D. Rewrite these sentences changing the nouns in italics into plural.
重写以下的文句子，并把用斜体显示的名词改为复数式。
1. My sister found the necklace.
2. The policeman arrested the robber.
3. The boy played with a toy robot yesterday.
4. I caught the mouse with a mousetrap.
5. My uncle hung the picture on the wall.
6. I hurt my hand and foot yesterday.
7. The workman repaired the road.
8. The child played at the playground last evening.
9. The lady alighted from the bus.
10. The milkmaid milked the cow.
Answers 答案
A.
1.tables 2.churches 3.zoos 4.stories 5.plays 6.knives 7.wolves 8.chiefs 9.mice 10.fungi 11.sandals 12.hoaxes 13.photos 14.batteries 15.lives 16.sheriffs 17.proofs 18.larvae 19.teeth 20.oxen
B.
1.waiter 2.cross 3.piano 4.daddy 5.essay 6.scarf 7.hoof 8.goose 9.child 10.cactus 11.helicopter 12.mosquito 13.cockatoo 14.pony 15.chimney 16.thief 17.giraffe 18.louse 19.bacteria 20.foot
C.
1.days 2.deer 3.burglar 4.teeth 5.children 6.scissors 7.babies 8.mangoes 9.sheep 10.fox
D.
1. My sisters found the necklaces.
2. The policemen arrested the robbers.
3. The boys played with toy robots yesterday.
4. I caught the mice with mousetraps.
5. My uncles hung the pictures on the wall.
6. I hurt my hands and feet yesterday.
7. The workmen repaired the roads.
8. The children played at the playgrounds last evening.
9. The ladies alighted from the buses.
10. The milkmaids milked the cows.
